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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 : \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1937\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 1940\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 .<br \/>\n[2]\u00bbSee Vajelerie,L. Vessia &#8221; Fatim&#8221; in Encyclopedia of Islam (New Edition) Volume II. pp. 841- 850.<br \/>\n[3]\u00bb \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1596\u0645\u060c  \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1622\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644  \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a\u0647 250 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1667\u0645.<br \/>\n\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a \u060c\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 (\u062a1422\u0647\u0640) \u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0635204.<br \/>\n[4]\u00bb \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1808\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 : \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8221; \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0646\u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1889\u0645.<br \/>\n\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0635390.<br \/>\n[5]\u00bb Hell, J (al- Farazdaks loblied auf Ali ibn al (Zain al Abidin) in Feslschrifl Eduard Sachau (ed G Weil, Berlin 1915,) P. 368.<br \/>\n[6]\u00bb    Cappezzone ( Abiura dalla Kaysaniyya convesione all Imamiyya :<br \/>\n IL caso di Abu Halid al \u2013 Kablil) in RSO. Volume 66 (1992). PP. 1-13.<br \/>\n[7]\u00bb \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u06291930\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0641\u064a\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1947\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1952 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1952\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958 \u062a\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629    https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki<br \/>\n[8]\u00bb   Madelunj. W (Des Imam Al Qasim ibn Ibrahim und die Glou \u2013 benlehre der Zaiditen Berlin 1965), idem (Zayn al \u2013 Abidinj) in ELR. 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(Zain al Abidinj) in Ensyclopidia of Islam.482<br \/>\n[28]\u00bb \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u062a385\u0647) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1999\u0645 \u060c \u0635213 \u061b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0622\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c \u062c2 \u060c \u0635270 .<br \/>\n[29]\u00bb \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631(\u062a341\u0647) \u060c \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0637 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( How did the Shia?)Op. Cit. P. 1,3,Watt, M. (Shilsm under The Umayyads) in (Shiism) Volum. I.<br \/>\n[59]\u00bb \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0635120 .<br \/>\n[60]\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u063582 .<br \/>\n[61]\u00bb Kohlberj. (Zain al Abidinj) in Ensyclopidia of Islam.482  \u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0628 .<br \/>\n[62]\u00bb Hell, J (al- Farazdaks loblied auf Ali ibn al (Zain al Abidin) in Feslschrifl Eduard Sachau (ed G Weil, Berlin 1915,) P. 368.<br \/>\n[63]\u00bb \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u062c1 \u060c \u0635211 .<br \/>\n[64]\u00bb \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1854\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1908\u0645 \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1926\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 72\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 : \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<br \/>\n \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629   https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki<br \/>\n[65]\u00bb Huart,clement. 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\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 (\u062a1390\u0647) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u062c15 \u060c \u063515<br \/>\n[160]\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u063582 \u2013 83 .<br \/>\n[161]\u00bb \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 .<br \/>\n[162]\u00bb \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u064f\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0639)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646D \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u062a1111\u0647) \u060c \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1983\u0645 \u060c \u062c91 \u060c \u0635142 \u2013 153\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 (\u062a1359\u0647) \u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u2013 \u0642\u0645 2006\u0645 .<br \/>\n[163]\u00bb Chittick, W.W. : The Psalim of Islam : al- Sahifa al \u2013 Sajjadiyyawith an introduction and annotation (London 1988).<br \/>\n[164]\u00bb Islam,Volume,7,New york,   The Encyclopaedia of .j.BRILL,1993.484  <\/p>\n<p>*  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639  *<br \/>\n\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064f \u0628\u0647\u0650 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0632\u064e\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064e\u062c\u0647\u064a.<br \/>\n \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u060c (\u062a1104\u0647\u0640\/ 1692\u0645).<br \/>\n\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d : \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u060c (\u0637  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0642\u0645 1379\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c (\u062a1019\u0647) .<br \/>\n\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u060c \u0637 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f 1282\u0647 .<br \/>\n \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f \u060c (\u062a276\u0647) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a 1960\u0645 .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a \u060c (\u062a413\u0647\u0640 \/ 1022\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u060c ( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u2013 1392\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a \u060c \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u062a1410\u0647\u0640 \/ 1989\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u060c ( \u06375 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2013\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 1980\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 (\u062a1393\u0647\u0640\/ 1974\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u2013 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u060c(\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1974).<br \/>\n \u0643\u0639\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u060c (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646D\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0643\u0639\u062f\u064a \u060c ( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1434\u0647\u0640 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c (\u062a279\u0647\u0640\/ 892 \u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1977\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a \u060c (\u062a1111\u0647\u0640\/1700\u0645) .<br \/>\n \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c ( \u0637  \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1983\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c (\u062a748\u0647\u0640\/1347\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u062f. \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 &#8211;  \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1407\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 (\u062a310\u0647\u0640\/922\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u060c   (\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631 1962\u0645).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0636\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c (\u062a250\u0647) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629:\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c ( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u2013 \u0642\u0645 1435\u0647 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u060c (\u062a571\u0647) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a \u060c ( \u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1415\u0647 ) .<br \/>\n\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u062a1377\u0647\u0640\/1957\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a  \u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1433\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u060c(\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 2011\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c (\u062a260\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a (\u0639) \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u060c ( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0642\u0645 1409\u0647\u0640 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 (\u062a606\u0647\u0640\/1209\u0645) .<br \/>\n \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c ( \u0637 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u064a (\u062a676\u0647\u0640\/1277\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u062a852\u0647\u0640\/1448\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628\u060c(\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1984\u0645 ).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a \u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 (\u062a742\u0647\/1347\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u062f. \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u060c (\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2013 1403\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u062a430\u0647\u0640\/1038\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1352\u0647\u0640 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 (\u062a1300\u0647) .<br \/>\n\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u060c ( \u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1989\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0627\u063a\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u062a1390\u0647\u0640\/1970\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u060c(\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 (\u062a538\u0647\u0640\/1143\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c<br \/>\n\u0637  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 &#8211; \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1992\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 (\u062a460\u0647\u0640\/1067\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 1381\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0644 (\u062a508\u0647\u0640\/1114\u0645) .<br \/>\n \u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645:\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c(\u0637 \u0642\u0645).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f (\u062a341\u0647\u0640\/953\u0645).<br \/>\n\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c    (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 1382\u0647\u0640 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0631\u064a (\u062a1098\u0647\u0640\/1668\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0634\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1350\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c (\u062a363\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c ( \u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u0642\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u060c (\u062a93\u0647).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c(\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u2013\u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 1361\u0647).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c (\u062a597\u0647\u0640\/1201\u0645).<br \/>\n\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 &#8211; \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f 1355\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u060c (\u062a230\u0647\u0640\/ 845 \u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 ( \u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a ) .<br \/>\n\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u060c (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631) .<br \/>\n\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u060c (\u0637 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u2013 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u060c (\u062a 828\u0647\u0640 \/ 1424\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 1358\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c(\u062a 921\u0647\u0640 \/ 1515\u0645 ).<br \/>\n\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c  \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642:  \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 1382\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u060c (\u062a329\u0647\u0640 \/ 941\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642:\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c(\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 1363\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d (\u062a693\u0647\/1293\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1985\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u062a400\u0647) \u060c<br \/>\n\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 :  \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c ( \u0637 \u0642\u0645 1413\u0647 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a709\u0647\/1309\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c ( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0642\u0645 1409\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 (\u062a711\u0647) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u060c (\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u2013 1404\u0647).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u062a346\u0647\u0640\/957\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u060c(\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0642\u0645 1404\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u062a1320\u0647).<br \/>\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a:\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u060c ( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1408\u0647 ) .<br \/>\n\u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c (\u062a 123\u0647\/740 \u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646  \u060c (\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c (\u062a460\u0647\u0640\/1067\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u062c\u062f \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 &#8211; \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1411\u0647) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u060c (\u062a652\u0647).<br \/>\n\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 :<br \/>\n\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u060c ( \u0637 &#8211; \u0642\u0645 ).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u060c ( \u062a322\u0647\u0640 \/ 934\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c(\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u2013\u0645\u0635\u0631 1969\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 ) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a2004\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c (\u062a626\u0647\u0640\/1229\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u060c (\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1979\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0626\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 (\u062a1413\u0647\/1992\u0645 )<br \/>\n\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u060c(\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 1974\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 (\u062a1359\u0647).<br \/>\n\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u2013 \u0642\u0645 2006\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0628\u0646  \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c (\u062a588\u0647\u0640\/1192\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641 1956\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u062a 1145\u0647\/1732\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a:\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c<br \/>\n(\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 1414\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 (\u062a310\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u060c (\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a) .<br \/>\n\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 ( \u062a1422\u0647\u0640\/2001\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u060c (\u062a1433\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a:\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u060c<br \/>\n( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u2013 \u0642\u0645 1430\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u062a733\u0647\u0640) .<br \/>\n\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628\u060c (\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06af\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0647 \u2013 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0644\u0646\u062c\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a (\u062a1113\u0647\u0640\/1701\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0622\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c(\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u060c (\u062a358\u0647\u0640\/968\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u060c (\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1999\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (621\u0647\u0640\/1224\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1948\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (\u062a1294\u0647\u0640\/1877\u0645) .<br \/>\n\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0641) .<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 :<br \/>\n \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a (\u062a1389\u0647) .<br \/>\n\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0628\u0647\u064a\u062c \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c (\u0637 \u0639\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a).<br \/>\n\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f (\u062a1381\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 1985\u0645<br \/>\n\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u064a\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a- \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a- \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1996\u0645) .<br \/>\n \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 (\u062a1375\u0647).<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u060c ( \u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631) .<br \/>\n\u0633\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f(\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631).<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648 \u062f. \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0648 \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 1411\u0647<br \/>\n\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0633\u062f\u064a\u0648 (\u062a1291\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u060c ( \u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1948\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a (\u062a 1398\u0647\u0640 ).<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0633\u064a \u060c ( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1977\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0627 (\u062a1336\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c ( \u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u2013 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u2013 1987\u0645).<br \/>\n \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 (\u062a1336\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631- 1958\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631).<br \/>\n\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u060c<br \/>\n( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1412\u0647 ) .<br \/>\n\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a (\u062a1378\u0647\u0640).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u062f. \u0630\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u060c<br \/>\n( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1413\u0647\u0640 ) .<br \/>\n\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0651\u0647 \u060c \u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648(\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u060c (\u0637 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a \u2013 2016\u0645).<br \/>\n\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0646 \u060c \u062f\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a. \u0645 . \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c (\u062a1395\u0647\/1976\u0645).<br \/>\n\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639. \u0645 \u060c(\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1990\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 2003\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u2013 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u060c (\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 2004\u0645).<br \/>\n \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f (\u062a1344\u0647).<br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 : \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a ( \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 1375\u0647\u0640 ) .<br \/>\n\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u060c ( \u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f 2015\u0645 ) .<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 :<br \/>\n1- Vajelerie, L. Vessia. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement. Brill Archive, 1980.<br \/>\nHell, J .(al- Farazdaks loblied auf Ali ibn al (Zain al Abidin) in Feslschrifl Eduard Sachau (ed G Weil, Berlin) 1915.<br \/>\n3- Cappezzone. ( Abiura dalla Kaysaniyya convesione all Imamiyya ::Imamiyya IL caso di Abu Halid al \u2013 Kablil) in RSO. Volume 66 ),1992.                                       )..<br \/>\n4- Madelunj. W. (Des Imam Al Qasim ibn Ibrahim und die Glou \u2013 benlehre der Zaiditen Berlin 1965), idem (Zayn al \u2013 Abidinj) in ELR.<br \/>\n5- Anumber of Leadinj Orientalists, The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill : Leiden, 2002.<br \/>\n6- Hodjson, M. ( How did the Shia?)Op. Cit. Watt, M. (Shilsm under The Umayyads) in (Shiism).<br \/>\n7- Huart,clement. Ahistory of Arabic Literature. New York : D.Appleton,1903.<br \/>\n 8-Rudolph. Strhmann : Die Zwolfer Schia,a Leipzij 1926.<br \/>\n9- Takmamitsu Shimamoto : Leadership in Twelve Shiism.<br \/>\n 10-  dward. Browne. Enchycloedia of religion and Ethics, vol, IIP. 299 E.<br \/>\n11- Binder, Leonard. The ideological revolution in the Middle East. Krieger Publishing Company, 1979.\u200f<br \/>\nN, Soderblorn. Encyclopaedia of religion and Ethics. 12-<br \/>\n 13-Chittick, W.W. : The Psalim of Islam : al- Sahifa al \u2013 Sajjadiyyawith an introduction and annotation (London  1988).<br \/>\n.The Encyclopaedia of Islam,Volume7,New york E.j 14-  .BRILL,1993.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a :<br \/>\n1 &#8211; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u06392 \u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 2014\u0645- 1436 \u0647.<br \/>\n2 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0623. \u062f. \u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f : \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0647\u0631\u064a .<br \/>\n\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a :<br \/>\n\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629     https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki<br \/>\n\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629       http:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 http:\/\/data.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb119289340<br \/>\n***<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u0629<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&#038;sid=227<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644) \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 ________________________________________ \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2557","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-12"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2557"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2558,"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2557\/revisions\/2558"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2557"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ashura-i-f.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}